Hydrometers for Biofuel Production

Hydrometers are widely utilized across industries and scientific disciplines for measuring liquid density. They play an especially vital role in monitoring concentration of dissolved substances in water samples. This chapter explores various techniques available to analyze and use hydrometer data – from simple record keeping to advanced analyses.

Hydrometers consist of glass tubes fitted with bulbous ends weighted with lead or steel shot and narrow stems fitted with scales, used to take measurements from samples immersed into them. Readings can then be taken when their surface meets with an alignment mark on their stems – hydrometers come in various models calibrated for Plato or Brix scales or specific gravity, which measures density relative to water.

Viscous liquids tend to appear less dense on hydrometer scales and this effect can be minimized by fully immersing the hydrometer into its sample and using a temperature correction chart or formula when interpreting measurement results.

Hydrometers are often used to monitor sugar concentration levels during fermentation of beer and wine, providing more precise control of the brewing process. Other applications for hydrometers include monitoring salt levels in marine steam boilers, measuring antifreeze concentration levels and tracking lead-acid batteries.